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real estate transaction
A real estate transaction is the process whereby rights in a unit of property (or designated real estate) is transferred between two or more parties, e.g. in case of conveyance one party being the seller(s) and the other being the buyer(s). It can often be quite complicated due to the complexity of the property rights being transferred, the amount of money being exchanged, and government regulations. Conventions and requirements also vary considerably among different countries of the world and among smaller legal entities (jurisdictions).
In more abstract terms, a real estate transaction, like other financial transactions, causes transaction costs. To identify and possibly reduce these transaction costs, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) addressed the issue〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Improving Competition in Real Estate Transactions, 2007 )〕 through a study commissioned by the European Commission,
〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Conveyancing Services Market, 2007 )〕 and through a research action.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Modelling Real Property Transactions, 2001–2005 )〕
The mentioned research action ‘Modelling Real Property Transactions’ investigated methods to describe selected transactions in a formal way, to allow for comparisons across countries / jurisdictions. Descriptions were performed both using a more simple format, a Basic Use Case template,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Alistair A.R. Cockburn: Basic use case template )〕 and more advanced applications of the Unified Modelling Language.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ferlan, Sumrada and Mattsson: Modelling property transactions, pp. 27 – 79 in: Real Property Transactions. Procedures, Transaction Costs and Models. Edited by: J. Zevenbergen, A. Frank and E. Stubkjær )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rados Sumrada: Modeling methodology for real estate transactions, 2005 )〕 Process models were compared through an ontology-based methodology,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hess and Vaskovich: Ontology Engineering for Comparing Property Transactions, pp. 183 – 201, and Hess and Schlieder: Ontology-Based Development of Reference Processes, pp. 203- 219, both in: Real Property Transactions. Procedures, Transaction Costs and Models. Edited by: J. Zevenbergen, A. Frank and E. Stubkjær )〕 and national property transaction costs were estimated for Finland and Denmark,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Vitikainen: Transaction Costs Concerning Real Property – The Case of Finland, pp. 101 – 118 in: Real Property Transactions. Procedures, Transaction Costs and Models. Edited by: J. Zevenbergen, A. Frank and E. Stubkjær )〕〔 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Stubkjær, Lavrac and Gysting: Towards national real estate accounts: The case of Denmark and other European jurisdictions, pp. 119- 139 in: Real Property Transactions. Procedures, Transaction Costs and Models. Edited by: J. Zevenbergen, A. Frank and E. Stubkjær )〕 based on the directions of the United Nations System of National Accounts.〔 〕
Real estate transactions: subdivision, conveyance, and mortgaging, as they are performed in the five Nordic countries are described in some detail.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.kms.dk/NR/rdonlyres/667650C1-1C6A-49D0-B634-8CEEA7046422/0/Ejendomsregistreringidenordiskelande.pdf )〕 A translation into English is available for the Danish part.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.kms.dk/NR/rdonlyres/631D6233-F747-4E1F-98DA-FED3EDAD963E/0/PropertyformationintheNordiccountries.pdf )〕
==Residential examples==
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